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Observation data | |
---|---|
Mean distance from Earth | 1 au ≈ 1.496×108 km 8 min 19 s at light speed |
Visual brightness (V) | −26.74 |
Absolute magnitude | 4.83 |
Spectral classification | G2V |
Metallicity | Z = 0.0122 |
Angular size | 31.6–32.7 minutes of arc |
Adjectives | Solar |
Orbital characteristics | |
Mean distance from Milky Way core | ≈ 2.7×1017 km 27,200 light-years |
Galactic period | (2.25–2.50)×108yr |
Velocity | ≈ 220 km/s (orbit around the center of the Milky Way) ≈ 20 km/s (relative to average velocity of other stars in stellar neighborhood) ≈ 370 km/s (relative to the cosmic microwave background) |
Physical characteristics | |
Equatorial radius | 695,700 km, 696,342 km 109 × Earth |
Equatorial circumference | 4.379×106 km 109 × Earth |
Flattening | 9×10−6 |
Surface area | 6.09×1012 km2 12,000 × Earth |
Volume | 1.41×1018 km3 1,300,000 × Earth |
Mass | 1.9885×1030 kg 333,000 × Earth |
Average density | 1.408 g/cm3 0.255 × Earth |
Center density (modeled) | 162.2 g/cm3 12.4 × Earth |
Equatorial surface gravity | 274 m/s2 28 × Earth |
Moment of inertia factor | 0.070 (estimate) |
Escape velocity (from the surface) | 617.7 km/s 55 × Earth |
Temperature | Center (modeled): 1.57×107 K Photosphere (effective): 5,778 K Corona: ≈ 5×106 K |
Luminosity (Lsol) | 3.828×1026 W ≈ 3.75×1028 lm ≈ 98 lm/W efficacy |
Color (B-V) | 0.63 |
Mean radiance (Isol) | 2.009×107 W·m−2·sr−1 |
Age | ≈ 4.6 billion years |
Rotation characteristics | |
Obliquity | 7.25° (to the ecliptic) 67.23° (to the galactic plane) |
Right ascension of North pole | 286.13° 19 h 4 min 30 s |
Declination of North pole | +63.87° 63° 52' North |
Sidereal rotation period (at equator) | 25.05 d |
(at 16° latitude) | 25.38 d 25 d 9 h 7 min 12 s |
(at poles) | 34.4 d |
Rotation velocity (at equator) | 7.189×103 km/h |
Photospheric composition (by mass) | |
Hydrogen | 73.46% |
Helium | 24.85% |
Oxygen | 0.77% |
Carbon | 0.29% |
Iron | 0.16% |
Neon | 0.12% |
Nitrogen | 0.09% |
Silicon | 0.07% |
Magnesium | 0.05% |
Sulfur | 0.04% |
The Sun, also known as Sol, is a star at the center of the solar system. It is a white powerfully made by nature star that gives off different types of energy such as infrared energy (heat), ultraviolet light, radio waves and light. It also gives off a stream of particles, which reaches Earth as "solar wind". The source of all this energy is nuclear fusion. Nuclear fusion is the reaction in the star which turns hydrogen into helium and makes huge amounts of energy. It is a nearly perfect ball of hot plasma.