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Allotropes | alpha, α (gray); beta, β (white) |
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Appearance | silvery-white (beta, β) or gray (alpha, α) |
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Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard) | 118.710(7) |
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Atomic number (Z) | 50 |
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Group | group 14 (carbon group) |
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Period | period 5 |
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Block | p-block |
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Element category | post-transition metal |
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Electron configuration | [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 18, 4 |
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Phase at STP | Sn: Solid |
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Melting point | 505.08 K (231.93 °C, 449.47 °F) |
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Boiling point | 2875 K (2602 °C, 4716 °F) |
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Density (near r.t.) | white, β: 7.265 g/cm3 gray, α: 5.769 g/cm3 |
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when liquid (at m.p.) | 6.99 g/cm3 |
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Heat of fusion | white, β: 7.03 kJ/mol |
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Heat of vaporization | white, β: 296.1 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity | white, β: 27.112 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressureP (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1 k | 10 k | 100 k |
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at T (K) | 1497 | 1657 | 1855 | 2107 | 2438 | 2893 |
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Oxidation states | −4, −3, −2, −1, +1,+2, +3,+4 (an amphoteric oxide) |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.96 |
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Ionization energies | - 1st: 708.6 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1411.8 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 2943.0 kJ/mol
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Atomic radius | empirical: 140 pm |
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Covalent radius | 139±4 pm |
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Van der Waals radius | 217 pm |
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Spectral lines of tin |
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Natural occurrence | Sn: Primordial |
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Crystal structure | tetragonal white (β) |
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Crystal structure | face-centered diamond-cubic gray (α) |
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Speed of sound thin rod | 2730 m/s (at r.t.) (rolled) |
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Thermal expansion | 22.0 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) |
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Thermal conductivity | 66.8 W/(m·K) |
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Electrical resistivity | 115 nΩ·m (at 0 °C) |
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Magnetic ordering | gray: diamagnetic white (β): paramagnetic |
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Magnetic susceptibility | (white) +3.1·10−6 cm3/mol (298 K) |
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Young's modulus | 50 GPa |
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Shear modulus | 18 GPa |
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Bulk modulus | 58 GPa |
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Poisson ratio | 0.36 |
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Brinell hardness | 50–440 MPa |
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CAS Number | 7440-31-5 |
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Discovery | around 3500 BC |
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| references |