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Pronunciation | |
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Allotropes | alpha, beta |
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Appearance | gas: very pale yellow liquid: bright yellow solid: alpha is opaque, beta is transparent |
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Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard) | 18.998403163(6) |
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Atomic number (Z) | 9 |
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Group | group 17 (halogens) |
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Period | period 2 |
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Block | p-block |
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Element category | reactive nonmetal |
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Electron configuration | [He] 2s2 2p5 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 7 |
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Phase at STP | F: Gas |
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Melting point | 53.48 K (−219.67 °C, −363.41 °F) |
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Boiling point | 85.03 K (−188.11 °C, −306.60 °F) |
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Density (at STP) | 1.696 g/L |
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when liquid (at b.p.) | 1.505 g/cm3 |
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Triple point | 53.48 K, 90 kPa |
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Critical point | 144.41 K, 5.1724 MPa |
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Heat of vaporization | 6.51 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity | Cp: 31 J/(mol·K) (at 21.1 °C) C: 23 J/(mol·K) (at 21.1 °C) |
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Vapor pressureP (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1 k | 10 k | 100 k |
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at T (K) | 38 | 44 | 50 | 58 | 69 | 85 |
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Oxidation states | −1 (oxidizes oxygen) |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 3.98 |
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Ionization energies | - 1st: 1681 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 3374 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 6147 kJ/mol
- (more)
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Covalent radius | 64 pm |
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Van der Waals radius | 135 pm |
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Spectral lines of fluorine |
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Natural occurrence | F: Primordial |
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Crystal structure | cubic |
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Thermal conductivity | 0.02591 W/(m·K) |
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Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic (−1.2×10−4) |
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CAS Number | 7782-41-4 |
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Naming | after the mineral fluorite, itself named after Latin fluo (to flow, in smelting) |
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Discovery | André-Marie Ampère (1810) |
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First isolation | Henri Moissan (June 26, 1886) |
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Named by | Humphry Davy |
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| references |