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Tin,  50Sn
Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-top-image/alt
General properties
Allotropesalpha, α (gray); beta, β (white)
Appearancesilvery-white (beta, β) or gray (alpha, α)
Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard)118.710(7)
Tin in the periodic table
HydrogenHelium
LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon
SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon
PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton
RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdenumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon
CaesiumBariumLanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbiumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercury (element)ThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon
FranciumRadiumActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobeliumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitneriumDarmstadtiumRoentgeniumCoperniciumNihoniumFleroviumMoscoviumLivermoriumTennessineOganesson
Ge

Sn

Pb
indiumtinantimony
Atomic number (Z)50
Groupgroup 14 (carbon group)
Periodperiod 5
Blockp-block
Element category  post-transition metal
Electron configuration[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 18, 18, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STPSn: Solid
Melting point505.08 K ​(231.93 °C, ​449.47 °F)
Boiling point2875 K ​(2602 °C, ​4716 °F)
Density (near r.t.)white, β: 7.265 g/cm3
gray, α: 5.769 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)6.99 g/cm3
Heat of fusionwhite, β: 7.03 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporizationwhite, β: 296.1 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacitywhite, β: 27.112 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa)1101001 k10 k100 k
at T (K)149716571855210724382893
Atomic properties
Oxidation states−4, −3, −2, −1, +1,+2, +3,+4 (an amphoteric oxide)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.96
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 708.6 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1411.8 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 2943.0 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 140 pm
Covalent radius139±4 pm
Van der Waals radius217 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of tin
Other properties
Natural occurrenceSn: Primordial
Crystal structuretetragonal
Tetragonal crystal structure for tin

white (β)
Crystal structureface-centered diamond-cubic
Diamond cubic crystal structure for tin

gray (α)
Speed of sound thin rod2730 m/s (at r.t.) (rolled)
Thermal expansion22.0 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity66.8 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity115 nΩ·m (at 0 °C)
Magnetic orderinggray: diamagnetic
white (β): paramagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility(white) +3.1·10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)
Young's modulus50 GPa
Shear modulus18 GPa
Bulk modulus58 GPa
Poisson ratio0.36
Brinell hardness50–440 MPa
CAS Number7440-31-5
History
Discoveryaround 3500 BC
Main isotopes of tin
Iso­topeAbun­danceHalf-life (1/2)Decay modePro­duct
112Sn0.97%stable
114Sn0.66%stable
115Sn0.34%stable
116Sn14.54%stable
117Sn7.68%stable
118Sn24.22%stable
119Sn8.59%stable
120Sn32.58%stable
122Sn4.63%stable
124Sn5.79%stable
126Sntrace2.3×105 yβ126Sb
| references
Tin

Tin is a chemical element with symbol Sn (for Latin: stannum) and atomic number 50. It is in Group 14 on the periodic table. It has ten isotopes that are not radioactive, which is more than any other element.

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