General properties | ||||||||||||||||
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Pronunciation | /ˈlɪθiəm/ | |||||||||||||||
Appearance | silvery-white | |||||||||||||||
Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard) | [6.938, 6.997] | |||||||||||||||
Lithium in the periodic table | ||||||||||||||||
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Atomic number (Z) | 3 | |||||||||||||||
Group | group 1 (alkali metals) | |||||||||||||||
Period | period 2 | |||||||||||||||
Block | s-block | |||||||||||||||
Element category | alkali metal | |||||||||||||||
Electron configuration | [He] 2s1 | |||||||||||||||
Electrons per shell | 2, 1 | |||||||||||||||
Physical properties | ||||||||||||||||
Phase at STP | Li: Solid | |||||||||||||||
Melting point | 453.65 K (180.50 °C, 356.90 °F) | |||||||||||||||
Boiling point | 1603 K (1330 °C, 2426 °F) | |||||||||||||||
Density (near r.t.) | 0.534 g/cm3 | |||||||||||||||
when liquid (at m.p.) | 0.512 g/cm3 | |||||||||||||||
Critical point | 3220 K, 67 MPa (extrapolated) | |||||||||||||||
Heat of fusion | 3.00 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||
Heat of vaporization | 136 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||
Molar heat capacity | 24.860 J/(mol·K) | |||||||||||||||
Vapor pressure
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Atomic properties | ||||||||||||||||
Oxidation states | +1 (a strongly basic oxide) | |||||||||||||||
Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 0.98 | |||||||||||||||
Ionization energies |
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Atomic radius | empirical: 152 pm | |||||||||||||||
Covalent radius | 128±7 pm | |||||||||||||||
Van der Waals radius | 182 pm | |||||||||||||||
Spectral lines of lithium | ||||||||||||||||
Other properties | ||||||||||||||||
Natural occurrence | Li: Primordial | |||||||||||||||
Crystal structure | body-centered cubic (bcc) | |||||||||||||||
Speed of sound thin rod | 6000 m/s (at 20 °C) | |||||||||||||||
Thermal expansion | 46 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) | |||||||||||||||
Thermal conductivity | 84.8 W/(m·K) | |||||||||||||||
Electrical resistivity | 92.8 nΩ·m (at 20 °C) | |||||||||||||||
Magnetic ordering | paramagnetic | |||||||||||||||
Magnetic susceptibility | +14.2·10−6 cm3/mol (298 K) | |||||||||||||||
Young's modulus | 4.9 GPa | |||||||||||||||
Shear modulus | 4.2 GPa | |||||||||||||||
Bulk modulus | 11 GPa | |||||||||||||||
Mohs hardness | 0.6 | |||||||||||||||
Brinell hardness | 5 MPa | |||||||||||||||
CAS Number | 7439-93-2 | |||||||||||||||
History | ||||||||||||||||
Discovery | Johan August Arfwedson (1817) | |||||||||||||||
First isolation | William Thomas Brande (1821) | |||||||||||||||
Main isotopes of lithium | ||||||||||||||||
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6Li content may be as low as 3.75% in natural samples. 7Li would therefore have a content of up to 96.25%. | ||||||||||||||||
Lithium (from Greek lithos 'stone') is a soft, silver-white metal with symbol Li. It is the third chemical element in the periodic table. This means that it has 3 protons in its nucleus and 3 electrons around it. Its atomic number is 3. Its mass number is 6.94. It has two common isotopes, 6Li and 7Li. 7Li is more common; 92.5% of lithium is 7Li. Lithium is a soft silvery metal that is very reactive. It is used in lithium batteries and certain medicines.
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