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A graphical representation of the complex impedance plane
An AC supply applying a voltage \displaystyle{ \scriptstyle V }, across an impedance \displaystyle{ \scriptstyle Z }, driving a current \displaystyle{ \scriptstyle I }.

Electrical impedance is the amount of opposition that a circuit presents to current or voltage change.

The two main ways to write an impedance are:(see the 2nd figure, "complex impedance plane")

  1. with the resistance "R" (real part) and the reactance "X" (imaginary part), for example \displaystyle{ Z = 1 + 1j }
  2. with a magnitude and a phase (the size \displaystyle{ \left\vert Z \right\vert } and the angle \displaystyle{ \angle\theta }), for example \displaystyle{ Z = 1.4 \angle 45^\circ } (1.4 ohm at 45 degrees)

The Impedance and the resistance are quite similar:

In the case of resistance, a resistor resists any current going through it. The higher the resistance, the higher the voltage that is needed to achieve a given current. The formula is:

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