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Pronunciation | (led) |
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Appearance | metallic gray |
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Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard) | 207.2(1) |
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Atomic number (Z) | 82 |
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Group | group 14 (carbon group) |
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Period | period 6 |
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Block | p-block |
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Element category | post-transition metal |
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Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 |
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Phase at STP | Pb: Solid |
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Melting point | 600.61 K (327.46 °C, 621.43 °F) |
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Boiling point | 2022 K (1749 °C, 3180 °F) |
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Density (near r.t.) | 11.34 g/cm3 |
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when liquid (at m.p.) | 10.66 g/cm3 |
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Heat of fusion | 4.77 kJ/mol |
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Heat of vaporization | 179.5 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity | 26.650 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressureP (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1 k | 10 k | 100 k |
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at T (K) | 978 | 1088 | 1229 | 1412 | 1660 | 2027 |
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Oxidation states | −4, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.87 (+2) |
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Ionization energies | - 1st: 715.6 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1450.5 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 3081.5 kJ/mol
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Atomic radius | empirical: 175 pm |
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Covalent radius | 146±5 pm |
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Van der Waals radius | 202 pm |
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Spectral lines of lead |
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Natural occurrence | Pb: Primordial |
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Crystal structure | face-centered cubic (fcc) |
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Speed of sound thin rod | 1190 m/s (at r.t.) (annealed) |
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Thermal expansion | 28.9 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) |
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Thermal conductivity | 35.3 W/(m·K) |
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Electrical resistivity | 208 nΩ·m (at 20 °C) |
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Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic |
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Magnetic susceptibility | −23.0×10−6 cm3/mol (at 298 K) |
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Young's modulus | 16 GPa |
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Shear modulus | 5.6 GPa |
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Bulk modulus | 46 GPa |
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Poisson ratio | 0.44 |
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Mohs hardness | 1.5 |
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Brinell hardness | 38–50 MPa |
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CAS Number | 7439-92-1 |
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Discovery | in the Middle East (7000 BCE) |
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Isotopic abundances vary greatly by sample |
| references |