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Appearance | silver-gray |
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Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard) | 65.38(2) |
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Atomic number (Z) | 30 |
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Group | group 12 |
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Period | period 4 |
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Block | d-block |
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Element category | post-transition metal, alternatively considered a transition metal |
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Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 2 |
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Phase at STP | Zn: Solid |
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Melting point | 692.68 K (419.53 °C, 787.15 °F) |
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Boiling point | 1180 K (907 °C, 1665 °F) |
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Density (near r.t.) | 7.14 g/cm3 |
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when liquid (at m.p.) | 6.57 g/cm3 |
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Heat of fusion | 7.32 kJ/mol |
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Heat of vaporization | 115 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity | 25.470 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressureP (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1 k | 10 k | 100 k |
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at T (K) | 610 | 670 | 750 | 852 | 990 | 1179 |
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Oxidation states | −2, 0, +1, +2 (an amphoteric oxide) |
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Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.65 |
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Ionization energies | - 1st: 906.4 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1733.3 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 3833 kJ/mol
- (more)
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Atomic radius | empirical: 134 pm |
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Covalent radius | 122±4 pm |
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Van der Waals radius | 139 pm |
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Spectral lines of zinc |
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Natural occurrence | Zn: Primordial |
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Crystal structure | hexagonal close-packed (hcp) |
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Speed of sound thin rod | 3850 m/s (at r.t.) (rolled) |
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Thermal expansion | 30.2 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) |
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Thermal conductivity | 116 W/(m·K) |
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Electrical resistivity | 59.0 nΩ·m (at 20 °C) |
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Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic |
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Magnetic susceptibility | −11.4·10−6 cm3/mol (298 K) |
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Young's modulus | 108 GPa |
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Shear modulus | 43 GPa |
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Bulk modulus | 70 GPa |
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Poisson ratio | 0.25 |
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Mohs hardness | 2.5 |
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Brinell hardness | 327–412 MPa |
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CAS Number | 7440-66-6 |
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Discovery | Indian metallurgists (before 1000 BCE) |
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First isolation | Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (1746) |
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Recognized as a unique metal by | Rasaratna Samuccaya (800) |
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| references |