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Sun ☉
Sun white.jpg
Sun with sunspots and limb darkening as seen in visible light with solar filter.
The Sun by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory - 20100819.jpg
False-color photo of the Sun as seen in ultraviolet light (wavelength of 30.4 nm)
Observation data
Mean distance
from Earth
1 au1.496×108 km
8 min 19 s at light speed
Visual brightness (V)−26.74
Absolute magnitude4.83
Spectral classificationG2V
MetallicityZ = 0.0122
Angular size31.6–32.7 minutes of arc
AdjectivesSolar
Orbital characteristics
Mean distance
from Milky Way core
≈ 2.7×1017 km
27,200 light-years
Galactic period(2.25–2.50)×108yr
Velocity≈ 220 km/s (orbit around the center of the Milky Way)
≈ 20 km/s (relative to average velocity of other stars in stellar neighborhood)
≈ 370 km/s (relative to the cosmic microwave background)
Physical characteristics
Equatorial radius695,700 km,
696,342 km
109 × Earth
Equatorial circumference4.379×106 km
109 × Earth
Flattening9×10−6
Surface area6.09×1012 km2
12,000 × Earth
Volume1.41×1018 km3
1,300,000 × Earth
Mass1.9885×1030 kg
333,000 × Earth
Average density1.408 g/cm3
0.255 × Earth
Center density (modeled)162.2 g/cm3
12.4 × Earth
Equatorial surface gravity274 m/s2
28 × Earth
Moment of inertia factor0.070 (estimate)
Escape velocity
(from the surface)
617.7 km/s
55 × Earth
TemperatureCenter (modeled): 1.57×107 K
Photosphere (effective): 5,778 K
Corona: ≈ 5×106 K
Luminosity (Lsol)3.828×1026 W
≈ 3.75×1028 lm
≈ 98 lm/W efficacy
Color (B-V)0.63
Mean radiance (Isol)2.009×107 W·m−2·sr−1
Age≈ 4.6 billion years
Rotation characteristics
Obliquity7.25°
(to the ecliptic)
67.23°
(to the galactic plane)
Right ascension
of North pole
286.13°
19 h 4 min 30 s
Declination
of North pole
+63.87°
63° 52' North
Sidereal rotation period
(at equator)
25.05 d
(at 16° latitude)25.38 d
25 d 9 h 7 min 12 s
(at poles)34.4 d
Rotation velocity
(at equator)
7.189×103 km/h
Photospheric composition (by mass)
Hydrogen73.46%
Helium24.85%
Oxygen0.77%
Carbon0.29%
Iron0.16%
Neon0.12%
Nitrogen0.09%
Silicon0.07%
Magnesium0.05%
Sulfur0.04%
Sun

The Sun, also known as Sol, is a star at the center of the solar system. It is a white star that gives off different types of energy such as infrared energy (heat), ultraviolet light, radio waves and light. It also gives off a stream of particles, which reaches Earth as "solar wind". The source of all this energy is nuclear fusion. Nuclear fusion is the reaction in the star which turns hydrogen into helium and makes huge amounts of energy. It is a nearly perfect ball of hot plasma.

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